Guest post by Frances Jones

As a big fan of Poulenc’s music, I’m delighted to see his Concerto for Two Pianos on the Proms programme this year. It’s an exciting piece, both for performers and audience alike, and great to see in concert. But it’s the solo repertoire that occupies my thoughts at the moment, as I try to get to grips with another of his Nocturnes. I mentioned in a previous article back in May that I was working on the first Nocturne and although I haven’t made as much progress as I might in learning the rest, snatches of these sublime musical portraits have been flitting around my head like moths around a camp-fire (more on moths later).

There are eight Nocturnes, composed between 1929 and 1938 when Francis Poulenc was in his 30s. Some of them have descriptive titles, suggesting glimpses of civilised nocturnal scenes, and they alternate between the serenely beautiful and the fast and furious.

Number 1 falls into the first category; Poulenc’s ability to write a beautiful melody is proven in the opening bars, and he uses the range of the piano and takes unexpected harmonic turns as the music progresses. It is at once original, with an edge of melancholy, and also deeply comforting to listen to. Despite the discords, the music always resolves but almost never to a straightforward major chord; there’s always a note that ‘jars’ slightly with the rest. I like to think this is Poulenc’s way of telling us that, whilst there might be great beauty in the world, there is no such thing as perfection in life and his music does not intend to escape this.

Number 3, ‘Les Cloches de Malines’, gives us the bell-like sound promised in the title. He sets up an almost-repeated bassline to represent the bells, switching from 3 time to 4 time and back so it feels out of kilter; with Poulenc, there is always a twist. After being lulled into a false sense of security with the bells’ gentle music, there is a bar of complete silence, followed by a passage of brash accented chords, marked agité. It is as if the bells have gone rogue, and reminds me of one of Charles Dickens’ Christmas stories, in which the traveller is tormented by incessant ringing and imagines climbing up the church tower to the bells which have taken on frightening forms. He awakes in the morning and, of course, it’s all been a dream. So it is in this nocturne; after the clanging and clashing there’s another bar of silence and the familiar bassline of the opening returns; all is well, and normality has been restored.

The fifth nocturne is a portrait of moths (‘Phalènes’) and, as the music is both presto and staccato in the opening section, these insects seem to be clamouring around a light; a street-lamp perhaps, or a glint from a window. The music is animated and there’s no real let-up until the end. It switches between pp and f, even ff, from legato to staccato, until finally coming to rest with a big sforzando chord.

Number 7 is another of the faster pieces but this one is joyful from the outset. It was written in August, 1935; perhaps the composer was enjoying a summer holiday in the country or at the coast – but this is speculation. The music runs up and down the keyboard in a friendly chase. Even the middle section, steady and perhaps somewhat cautious if a depiction of a character was intended, lasts only a short time before the carefree melody of the opening returns. This nocturne has no title; it’s up to the listener to make their own conjectures.

The final nocturne, Number 8, was written as a coda to the collection. It’s another lyrical melody, but concise; a final moment of gentle beauty after the antics of the previous piece. Number 8 brings the cycle full circle, using the ending of the first nocturne to draw the piece, and the collection, to a close. Having listened to these pieces countless times, I feel I’ve gained a glimpse into the composer’s life. But only a glimpse and, after all, that’s what these nocturnes are; sounds of the evening, auditory shapes in the twilight. I like that about them; the titles of some give us ideas but, for the rest, we can make our own suppositions. I haven’t yet come close to learning all eight, but I feel much better acquainted with them, and that’s a good start.


Frances Jones read music at York University followed by a PGCE at Cambridge. She teaches piano in SW London.

In 1965, Alexandra von Triessen arrives at the International Ketterling Competition knowing that one performance could make her career – or expose every weakness she has spent a lifetime learning to conceal. In this rarefied world, perfection is merely the starting point. Forty of the world’s most gifted pianists have come to battle for a prize that promises fame, fortune, and artistic immortality. Alexandra is one of the few women among them—and unlike the men surrounding her, she has no taste for combat.

There she meets Sebastian D’Antonio: magnetic, ambitious, dangerously charming, and born for the spotlight. He offers her passion, glamour, and a place beside him at the center of the musical world. But behind Sebastian stands his enigmatic brother Conrad – a restless composer of staggering genius who wants nothing from fame, yet understands Alexandra’s music, her loneliness, and her deepest desires in ways no one else ever has.

What begins as a contest between virtuosos becomes an intimate war between love and loyalty, talent and ambition, truth and myth. Bound together by music, Alexandra, Sebastian, and Conrad are drawn into a decades-spanning triangle of desire, rivalry, sacrifice, and betrayal – where the most beautiful creation may conceal the most devastating secret.

Descending Thirds is a sweeping, sensual novel about the violence beneath beauty, the loneliness of genius, and the terrible price of becoming unforgettable. It asks the question every artist – and every lover – must eventually answer: Do you choose the life that brings you applause, the person who promises you devotion, or the truth that sets your heart on fire?

Interview with author of Descending Thirds, Nicole Conn

Who or what inspired you to pursue your creative career?

My first concert hall was the floor beneath my mother’s piano.

As a child, I would lie underneath it while she practiced Beethoven and Chopin for hours. I felt the vibrations move through the floor and into my body before I had any intellectual understanding of what I was hearing. Music entered me as sensation, emotion and story. Long before I understood harmony or musical form, I understood that music could say what ordinary language could not.

My mother was a brilliant pianist and later became a lauded teacher. She gave me far more than an appreciation of classical music. She taught me, simply by playing, that art can hold grief, desire, fury, tenderness and contradiction all at once. Even as Parkinson’s began taking command of her hands, her relationship with the piano endured. That was extraordinarily painful to witness, but also profound. Her body was becoming less dependable, yet the music remained part of her identity. It made the relationship between memory, the body and artistic expression very real to me.

Christa Hoven, Nicole Conn’s mother

I came to filmmaking and writing through that same desire to express the inexpressible. Film gave me image, language, silence, performance and music—all the elements through which interior life can be revealed. And I’ve always considered the score the soul of a film.

Descending Thirds grew directly out of that inheritance. It is dedicated to my mother, who gave me classical music; to my daughter Gabrielle, whose birth sparked the most compelling muse; and to my son Nicholas, who is non-verbal and extremely Special. I played classical music that was put in his isolette in the NICU. While he cannot communicate, his passion for classical music inspires me every day.

Link to GirlTalkHQ regarding my Mother

Who or what have been the most significant influences on your career?

My mother remains the beginning of everything. Beethoven and Chopin were part of the atmosphere of our home, almost like another language spoken in the family. Through her, I learned that music was not decoration. It was an emotional necessity.

The composers who shaped Descending Thirds were also significant influences on me personally. I’m mad for Bach as is Conrad in the novel, our genius savant. Beethoven embodies the battle between limitation and will. Schubert carries an ache that can become indistinguishable from beauty. Rachmaninoff gives us emotional sweep without apology. Prokofiev is danger, volatility and modernity. Debussy taught me about colour and atmosphere, and Chopin about intimacy – the ability to make something whispered feel enormous.

But my musical influences are not limited to composers. Cinema taught me to think musically. A film has rhythm, phrasing, counterpoint, repetition, crescendo and silence. A cut can function like a percussive strike; a sustained shot can be a held note. Dialogue has tempo. Characters can move in harmony or dissonance. I have always written and directed with an awareness of those things, even when there is no literal music playing. And I always use one or two composers to be the backbone of every project I do and listen to them incessantly from pre-production right through to editing.

The central musical idea in Descending Thirds comes through Conrad: that music is already everywhere – the wind, footsteps, machinery, conversation and the spaces between sounds. In the novel he hears the legato movement of water, the rhythmic exchange of tennis balls, leaves becoming snare drums in the wind, and even the pizzicato of a coffee maker.

More recently, Mary Jane Wells and Sally Bishop Melbourne have influenced how I understand my own work. Mary Jane revealed rhythms, humour and emotional undercurrents in the prose that even I had not fully heard. Sally gave an audible life to music that had previously existed only in my imagination. Both reminded me that collaboration does not diminish an artist’s vision. With the right people, it expands it.

What have been the greatest challenges of your career so far?

The greatest challenge has been keeping faith with the original impulse of a work while surviving the practical realities required to bring it into the world. In other words – funding!

Independent filmmaking teaches you very quickly that artistic vision and commerce are uneasy but unavoidable companions a thread pursued throughout the novel. You may begin with something deeply personal, but eventually that work must pass through financing, production, distribution, marketing and an industry that often wants certainty from an art form built upon risk. The challenge is knowing where to compromise and where compromise would damage the reason the work exists.

Descending Thirds presented another kind of challenge. I carried and refined the story for approximately twenty-five years. I had to translate music into language without turning the book into a musicology lesson. The technical details had to be credible, but the emotional experience had to come first. I want readers to fall in love with classical music. They shouldn’t need conservatory training to understand what Alexandra experiences when she performs.

Perfectionism has also been a lifelong challenge. And while pursuing it, not feeling entirely like an imposter. Both issues that Alexandra experiences as an artist. Yes, we must push ourselves to the limit, but perfectionism can also become a form of paralysis or cruelty.

That pressure is not confined to classical music. Film and publishing have their own versions of it. The work is never finished enough, financed enough, marketable enough or safe enough. My challenge has been to continue making things despite that.

Of which works are you most proud?

My book Descending Thirds, and especially the extraordinary audiobook created with Mary Jane Wells and Sally Bishop Melbourne.

The novel is probably the longest and most complex “score” I have ever written. Music is not simply its setting. It is the language through which the characters love, compete, betray one another, conceal themselves and, occasionally, tell the truth. The challenge of the audiobook was to make that musical dimension audible without overwhelming the narrative.

Multi Award winning Voice Artist, Mary Jane Wells did far more than narrate the book. She performed it. She gave the characters distinct inner lives but never reduced them to voices or theatrical effects. Alexandra’s reserve, Sebastian’s magnetism, Conrad’s stillness, Chandra’s irreverence and the many other tonal and cultural distinctions had to coexist within one performance. Mary Jane brought emotional precision, intelligence and an extraordinary sense of musical timing to the language. Her ability to deliver every shade of nuance and subtext makes the listener experience so much more depth than I knew was possible.

Mary introduced me to Sally Bishop Melbourne who then undertook something I had once thought impossible: she composed the music the two brothers, Sebastian and Conrad compose. They couldn’t be more different and so she had to imagine what Conrad and Sebastian would create, how their musical identities would differ and how those differences would reveal character. The audiobook contains more than seventy musical moments, bringing together passages from the classical repertoire with Sally’s original compositions.

Several of the classical works were drawn from my mother’s repertoire, so the finished recording became personal on multiple levels. It brought together my mother’s musical legacy, the fictional world I had carried for so many years, Mary Jane’s performance and Sally’s original music. A side note: Sally had suffered the passing of her son, Will, a few years earlier and had been in a state of depression. Composing for the two brothers created in her a new zest for life and creativity.

Descending Thirds has become so healing on so many levels. It was so lovely to see and hear the excitement in her voice and music as she would share the pieces with me.

The moments of which I am proudest are those in which the boundaries disappear—when narration, character, classical music and original composition become one dramatic language. It is one of the rare occasions when the finished work became larger than the version I had heard privately in my imagination.

What kind of things in regular life inspire your creative ideas?

I always write what I know—not necessarily as literal autobiography, but from emotional truths I have lived at the very deepest level. My films, scripts and the documentary I made about my son, Little Man, have grown out of some of the most extreme experiences of the human condition: love, disability, motherhood, sacrifice, grief, survival and the complicated ways people try to make themselves bearable to themselves. My next feature, do we not grieve, explores the severe trauma I experienced after the loss of my sister—my best friend—to an extremely violent suicide. I am drawn to the moments when our carefully constructed selves begin to fracture: how do we handle fear, tragedy, the unexpected and who do we become under the klieg lights during those events in our lives.

I believe this emotional honesty is why many people watch my films repeatedly. The circumstances may not mirror their own lives, but the feelings ring true, resonate and can become part of their healing.

My children remain an enormous source of inspiration: Gabrielle’s birth awakened the first impulse that became Descending Thirds, while Nicholas’s experience of classical music reminds me that our most powerful responses to art are often immediate, instinctive and beyond explanation.

What is your definition of success?

Success is completing a work without betraying the reason it came to you—and then allowing it to reach another person.

Awards, reviews, sales and recognition matter. Anyone who says they do not matter is probably being slightly disingenuous. Art requires an audience, and artists need practical ways to continue working. But those things cannot be the final measure.

My deeper concern is whether the work has emotional integrity. Did I tell the truth of the story as fully as I could? Did I resist making it safer merely to make it easier to sell? Did I always ask the question, “what is the best thing for this specific project?” And what survives the distance between what I imagined and what I was capable of creating?

Then there is the audience. Success occurs when someone recognizes part of themselves in the work—even when their life bears no obvious resemblance to the characters’ lives. A reader may know nothing about international piano competitions but understand Alexandra’s fear of not being enough. Someone may never have composed a note but recognize Conrad’s desire to create without becoming a commodity. Another person may see in Sebastian the terrible distance between ability and the art of packaging and commerce.

But for me probably the greatest measure of success are those fans who have written and told me they have seen one of my films ten times, fifty times. They watch one of my films weekly. And those fans who use my films to heal from their own broken stories.

What advice would you give to young or aspiring musicians?

Learn your craft so thoroughly that technique becomes freedom rather than confinement. Practise with discipline, but do not confuse punishment with discipline. They are not the same thing.

Protect the part of yourself that first responded to music before you understood whether you were playing it “correctly.” Technique is indispensable, but technique alone cannot explain why one performance leaves us admiring and another leaves us changed. In Descending Thirds, Alexandra’s first teacher tells her that anyone can execute notes, but not everyone possesses the soul or feeling for music. She also makes it clear that the gift does not excuse the work: practice, practice more, and then practice again.

Be absolutely passionate about your craft. If you’re not, then the piano, writing, making films becomes a massive amount of work without reward. It’s too competitive and arduous not to be driven by a relentless compulsion to do the work.

What do you feel needs to be done to grow classical music’s audiences?

Classical music does not need to become less profound. It needs to become less forbidding.

We need serious, sustained music education in schools, access to instruments and live performance, affordable tickets and programs that reach people where they actually live. A child should not require affluent parents or proximity to a major city to encounter an orchestra or touch a piano.

We also need better storytelling. Tell audiences what was emotionally at stake when a piece was written. Reveal the human being inside the monument. I found while researching for Descending Thirds incredible stories about so many composers. They were not just marble busts. They were ambitious, difficult, desirous, frightened, funny, competitive and frequently chaotic. I loved their flawed humanity.

Descending Thirds and its audiobook are my attempt to create an entry point to classical music. A listener may arrive because of the searing triangular love story and discover Rachmaninoff; another may arrive for the music and become absorbed in the characters.

The tension between accessibility and artistic truth is examined repeatedly in the novel. One character argues that the performer’s job is to excite the public and make people like the music; another asks whether a musician’s obligation is instead to remain true to how they feel it. I do not think those aims have to be enemies. Accessibility is not simplification. It is invitation.

What’s the one thing in the music industry we’re not talking about which you think we should be?

The human cost of excellence. We celebrate the prodigy, the winner, the standing ovation and the apparently flawless performance. We are less willing to ask what was required psychologically to produce them. Humiliation is still sometimes defended as rigorous teaching. Anxiety is treated as weakness. Physical injury, isolation, eating disorders, substance dependence and depression can be regarded as unfortunate but almost predictable by-products of serious artistic life.

Young musicians are often taught to make their entire identities dependent upon ranking, casting, competitions, reviews and access to a field with very few places at the top. They are told to become singular while simultaneously being trained to satisfy institutions, juries, conductors, managers, audiences and algorithms. That is a nearly impossible psychological contradiction.

We also need to discuss how easily image can eclipse artistry. Charisma, mythology and marketability have always influenced musical careers, but contemporary media can intensify that pressure until the artist becomes a brand performing an approved version of the self. Descending Thirds explores all these dynamics — the danger of a world in which perception, promotion and commercial mythology begin to carry as much authority as the music itself. Sebastian even argues that audiences prefer the beautiful myth—that performers such as he make music accessible because they embody what people want to believe.

There must be room for ambition, discipline and exacting standards. But we should be able to distinguish rigor from cruelty and excellence from self-destruction.

What next? Where would you like to be in 10 years time?

The immediate next chapter is to bring Descending Thirds to the screen as a limited series. The novel was always intensely visual to me: the competition halls, the opposing pianos, the orchestra’s and concert halls, Antonia’s mythological gardens, the changing decades and, above all, the physical experience of music passing through the characters. A limited series would allow the story the time it needs. It could preserve the psychological complexity of Alexandra, Sebastian and Conrad while finally allowing audiences to hear the music that governs their lives. I pitch it as an Epic Emmy Prestige Limited Mini-Series.

I’m also in development on my next feature, do we not grieve and publishing my next novel, Armand’s Tango in 2027.

What is your idea of perfect happiness?

Spending as much time with my extended intended family of six adult children and my precious granddaughter, Ocean. I identify first and foremost as a Mom or “Granny CoCo”.

Creating. I have been blessed in my life to have so many people make it possible for me to continue making films, shows, and writing books. I am further blessed by a workaholic muse. I am utterly passionate about my work and am extremely grateful for this endless drive. 

The other things I am passionate about are the 4 P’s: Puppy (Lady Bugs) Puzzles, Poker and Pot!

What is your most treasured possession?

I’ve never been a “thing” person. My treasured possessions are my family!

What is your present state of mind?

Grateful, restless, slightly overwhelmed and deeply determined.

Completing Descending Thirds after carrying it for twenty-five years might have felt like an ending. Instead, the book, audiobook and developing screen adaptation have made it feel like the beginning of an entirely new creative life. I am trying to remain open to that without becoming so consumed by the destination that I fail to hear what is happening along the way. Process has always been key for me.

Descending Thirds by Nicole Conn is available now in paperback and audiobook format

Audiobook Trailer: https://descendingthirds.com/descending-third-audiobook/

Paperback Trailer: www.descendingthirds.com

Big regrets: One in three adults wish they’d kept going with music, as A-level Music entries continue to fall

  • New research finds 34% of UK adults wish they had continued making or studying music when they were younger — rising to 45% among 25–34-year-olds
  • Final figures show 4,555 A-level Music entries in England in 2026, down 6.1% year on year and 51.9% since 2008
  • Just 3% wished they had kept going with subjects including law, engineering or accountancy

One in three UK adults — the equivalent of almost 19 million people — wish they had kept going with music when they were younger, according to new research released as A-level Music entries continue their long-term decline.

The nationally representative survey of 2,000 UK adults, commissioned by chamber orchestra London Concertante, and conducted by OnePoll, found that 34% said they wished they had continued with at least one form of music, whether learning an instrument, singing, studying music as a subject, being in a choir or playing in a band, orchestra or ensemble.

Respondents were asked: “What, if anything, do you most regret giving up when you were younger? Select all that apply.”

By contrast, just 3% said they wished they had kept going with engineering, accounting or finance, economics, business studies or law.

The findings come as final figures published today show just 4,555 entries for A-level Music in England in 2026, down 6.1% from 4,849 last year, even as A-level entries overall increased by 2.7%. Music entries have more than halved since 2008, when there were 9,465.

Among adults overall, 21% wished they had kept learning a musical instrument, while 9% wished they had kept singing, 7% studying music as a subject, 7% being in a choir and 6% playing in a band, orchestra or ensemble.

Nearly half of young adults already wish they’d kept going with music

The research suggested the feeling was particularly strong among younger adults. 43% of 18–24-year-olds and 45% of 25–34-year-olds said they wished they had kept going with some form of music.

Among 18–24-year-olds specifically, 14% said they wished they had continued studying music as a subject, twice the national average of 7%.

There were also significant regional differences. Londoners were the most likely to wish they had kept going with music, at 45%, followed by people in Scotland at 41%.

Chris Grist, Artistic Director of London Concertante, said: “These results show a huge contradiction in society. Music is increasingly undervalued in education, yet it is also the number one thing people look back and regret giving up. People really do value music — it holds an incredibly important place in their lives. For years, we’ve placed enormous emphasis on STEM subjects. Of course they matter, but so do the arts.

The whole ecosystem of classical music — the players and singers on stage, everyone working behind the scenes, and the audiences who come to listen — is built on foundations that are partly laid down at school. We need brilliant teachers and schools that give young people the chance to discover music in the first place.

The Government has promised change, but after years of decline, what matters is whether that ambition actually translates into more young people studying and making music. This is an existential issue for our industry, and we urge the new Prime Minister and his Government to treat it with the seriousness it deserves.

“But it doesn’t end when you leave school. We see thousands of adults coming to London Concertante concerts in their forties and fifties who have never been to a classical concert before. Our mission is to give people a route back in — through music they already know and love, performed by world-class musicians. Nothing beats hearing great music performed live.”

The Music NET comprises respondents selecting at least one of the following: learning a musical instrument; singing; studying music as a subject; being in a choir; or playing in a band, orchestra or ensemble. As respondents could select more than one answer, individual categories should not be added together.

A-level Music entries in England have more than halved since 2008

Final JCQ figures published on 13 August 2026 show 4,555 A-level Music entries in England, compared with 4,849 in 2025, a year-on-year decline of 6.1%. Across all subjects, A-level entries increased by 2.7% in 2026.

Music entries have fallen from 9,465 in 2008 to 4,555 in 2026 — a decline of 51.9%.

Source: Joint Council for Qualifications, A level by subject, age, sex and country, 2026 (Table 1); Ofqual, A-level outcomes in England historical data.

JCQ results: https://www.jcq.org.uk/exam-results/

Accessed 13 August 2026.

Population estimate

The around 19 million figure extrapolates the 34% survey result to the UK adult population using ONS population estimates.

Source: ONS, Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates

London Concertante tours extensively across the UK and Ireland, performing in cathedrals, churches and historic venues, with programmes built around music audiences want to hear. Its audience-led approach is designed to make classical music feel less like a closed world and more like something people can return to at any point in their lives.

Source: press release

I can’t remember when I first heard this piece, but it was almost certainly on BBC Radio Three’s Breakfast programme and, as is often the way, the piece caught my attention and I decided to find out more about it.

My score has the date “September 2013” inscribed on the inside cover, which means I purchased the sheet music just a month after I took delivery of my 1913 Bechstein model A grand piano. A few months prior to this, I visited the Cobbe Collection, a fascinating collection of historic keyboard instruments, and had the opportunity to play a square piano which had belonged to Edward Elgar. 

(Image: The Cobbe Collection)

Elgar composed Dream Children in 1902, so my piano is almost contemporary with the piece. Originally written for small orchestra, the work offers a glimpse into the composer’s more introspective and poetic side. The transcription for solo piano highlights the music’s delicate lyricism and nostalgic in a more intimate setting. The work’s reflective mood and gentle expressiveness make it one of Elgar’s most personal and touching miniatures.

The title Dream Children comes from an essay by Charles Lamb, “Dream Children: A Reverie,” published in 1822. In that essay, Lamb imagines telling stories to his children – who, by the end, are revealed to be only figments of his imagination, the children he might have had with his lost love, Alice. Elgar was deeply moved by Lamb’s bittersweet meditation on memory, loss, and the power of dreams, and he translated those emotions into music with remarkable sensitivity.

The piece consists of two short movements. The first, marked Andante, unfolds like a tender lullaby. Scored in 12/8, it has the feeling of a gentle barcarolle with a simple and songlike melody evoking the innocence of childhood and the wistful beauty of remembered joy. The music rarely leaves the pp and ppp dynamic range, except for bar 8 where there is a moment of drama marked molto lento, leading to a sustained g minor chord. Elgar emphasises the tender wistfulness of the piece through the use of rubato, ritardandos and pauses. At the very end, a single modulation through the introduction of a B natural in the bass brings the piece to an close on a hopeful, literally uplifting note.

The second movement, Allegretto piacevole, provides an animated contrast while maintaining the same emotional core. Its mood and rhythm is more animated, with a gently lilting character. A pianist friend of mine remarked that the semiquaver figures in this movement suggest the composer cycling around the countryside of Malvern where he lived. Yet even in its lighter moments, there is an underlying poignancy. The coda returns to the theme of the first movement, back in g minor now, but once again the music ends in G major, fading into a ppp whisper.

While not especially technically challenging for the pianist (I would say this piece is around Grade 6 to 7 standard), the piece requires sensitivity of touch and competent legato pedalling in the first movement to sustain the cantabile melody. And while the first movement remains in a mostly hushed dynamic range, there is plenty of scope for expressivity.

I recently played this piece for a friend who owns a beautiful Steinway B. Having not touched the music for nearly 10 years, I was reminded of just how charming this pair of miniatures is. The score is published by Faber Music.

Here’s another atmospheric solo piano piece by Elgar:

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